Kotlin

I’m late to the party but I hope some of you will still be inspired by my submisison. This is an iterative solution. I began with a recursive solution that worked but I noticed that it should really be rewritten in an iterative way. The solution is also pointlessly optimized, to some degree, but that’s just what I like to do. 🙂

The logic follows a simple pattern of knowing which window of the battery bank to search in. Given the amount of batteries that remain to be turned on, if you were to turn on the last battery in the window, you’d need to turn on all the remaining batteries. So the window begins at one position past the prior battery and ends at the last battery you actually can choose to turn on. Once that has been turned on, all remaining ones need to be turned on. The window can only actually shrink to at least one position.

class Day03 : AOCSolution {
    override val year = 2025
    override val day = 3

    override fun part1(inputFile: String): String {
        return readResourceBinary(inputFile).lineSequence().sumOf { batteryBank ->
            findHighestJoltage(batteryBank, 2)
        }.toString()
    }

    override fun part2(inputFile: String): String {
        return readResourceBinary(inputFile).lineSequence().sumOf { batteryBank ->
            findHighestJoltage(batteryBank, 12)
        }.toString()
    }

    private fun findHighestJoltage(
        bank: EightBitString,
        batteries: Int,
    ): Long {
        val digitsArray = ByteArray(batteries) { -1 }

        var lastDigitIndex = 0
        repeat(batteries) { currentDigit ->
            val remainingDigits = batteries - currentDigit
            val lastIndex = bank.length - remainingDigits + 1

            val maxIndex = bank.indexOfMax(lastDigitIndex, lastIndex)
            lastDigitIndex = maxIndex + 1
            digitsArray[batteries - remainingDigits] = bank[maxIndex].toDigit()
        }

        return digitsArray.fold(0L) { acc, i -> acc * 10L + i }
    }


    private companion object {
        private fun ByteArray.lineSequence(): Sequence<EightBitString> {
            val buffer = EightBitString(this)
            var currentOffset = 0
            return generateSequence {
                for (characterIndex in currentOffset until buffer.limit()) {
                    if (buffer[characterIndex] == '\n') {
                        val slice = buffer.subSequence(currentOffset, characterIndex)

                        // Despite believing that `currentIndex` is not read,
                        // it is indeed read the next time this generator is called.
                        @Suppress("AssignedValueIsNeverRead")
                        currentOffset = characterIndex + 1
                        return@generateSequence slice
                    }
                }
                // A '\n' is always found, because the files end with a new line.
                return@generateSequence null
            }
        }

        private fun EightBitString.indexOfMax(
            startIndex: Int,
            endIndex: Int,
        ): Int {
            if (startIndex >= endIndex) {
                return -1
            }
            var maxIndex = startIndex
            var max = 0.toByte()
            for (i in startIndex until endIndex) {
                val c = getByte(i)
                if (c > max) {
                    maxIndex = i
                    max = c
                }
            }
            return maxIndex
        }

        private fun Char.toDigit(): Byte = (this - '0').toByte()
    }
}

(Browser-based) Javascript

For part 2, I eagerly wrote a nice, clean, generic, functional depth-first search, only to get an out of memory error 😭. Note the top-level code blocks: they scope the variables declared inside them, allowing me to run the whole script repeatedly in the console without getting “redeclared variable name” errors.

function part1(inputText) {
  let totalOutputJoltage = 0;
  for (const batteryBankDef of inputText.split('\n')) {
    let bestBankJoltage = 0;
    const previousDigits = [];
    for (const character of batteryBankDef) {
      const currentDigit = Number.parseInt(character, 10);
      for (const previousDigit of previousDigits) {
        const possibleVoltage = 10 * previousDigit + currentDigit;
        if (possibleVoltage > bestBankJoltage) {
          bestBankJoltage = possibleVoltage;
        }
      }
      previousDigits.push(currentDigit);
    }
        totalOutputJoltage += bestBankJoltage;
  }
  return totalOutputJoltage;
}
{
    const start = performance.now();
    const result = part1(document.body.textContent)
    const end = performance.now();
    console.info({day: 3, part: 1, result, time: end - start})
}

function findNthDigitForSequence(bankDef, n, startIndex) {
  let digit = 9;
  while (digit > 0) {
    for (let i = startIndex; i < bankDef.length - 11 + n; i++) {
      if (bankDef[i] === digit.toString()) {
        return [digit, i]
      }
    }
    digit--;
  }
  return undefined;
}
function findBestJoltageForBank(bankDef) {
  const digits = [];
  let previousFoundDigitIndex = -1;
  for (let i = 0; i < 12; i++) {
    const digitFound = findNthDigitForSequence(bankDef, i, previousFoundDigitIndex + 1);
    if (digitFound === undefined) {
      debugger;
      return undefined;
    }
    const [digit, index] = digitFound;
    digits.push(digit);
    previousFoundDigitIndex = index;
  }
  return Number.parseInt(digits.join(''), 10);
}
function part2(inputText) {
  let totalOutputJoltage = 0;
  for (const batteryBankDef of inputText.trim().split('\n')) {
    totalOutputJoltage += findBestJoltageForBank(batteryBankDef) ?? 0;
  }
  return totalOutputJoltage;
}

{
  const start = performance.now();
  const result = part2(document.body.textContent);
  const end = performance.now();
  console.info({ day: 3, part: 2, time: end - start, result });
}

Uiua

You can run this in Uiua Pad

"987654321111111\n811111111111119\n234234234234278\n818181911112111"
⊜∘⊸≠@\n
Jolt ← ⍥(⊙⊃⋅∘∘+1⟜(⊃(˜⊡|˜↘⊙+₁)⍜↘⟜(˜⨂⊸/↥)))⟜(+1¯)
∩/+⊃≡(⋕Jolt2)≡(⋕Jolt12)

Rust

My first version worked with numbers, but since I was still sick of yesterday’s pow(10) calls, I changed it to use ascii for the second half - the nice thing is that means it can work with hex input with no modification!

Clippy was complaining about “needless_range_loops”, but it’s way more readable this way.

struct PowerSource(Vec<Bank>);

impl FromStr for PowerSource {
    type Err = Report;

    fn from_str(s: &str) -> Result<Self> {
        let banks = s.lines().map(|l| Bank(l.to_owned())).collect();
        Ok(Self(banks))
    }
}

impl PowerSource {
    fn max_joltage(&self, num_digits: usize) -> usize {
        self.0.iter().map(|b| b.max_joltage(num_digits)).sum()
    }
}

struct Bank(String);

impl Bank {
    fn max_joltage(&self, num_digits: usize) -> usize {
        let batts = self.0.as_bytes();

        let mut digits = vec![b'0'; num_digits];
        let mut start = 0;
        for d in 0..num_digits {
            for i in start..=batts.len() - num_digits + d {
                if batts[i] > digits[d] {
                    digits[d] = batts[i];
                    start = i + 1;
                }
            }
        }

        usize::from_str(str::from_utf8(&digits).unwrap()).unwrap()
    }
}

C

Surprise, O(n^12) solutions don’t scale! But then it was delightful when the realization hit that the solution is actually very simple to implement - just keep removing the first digit that is followed by a higher one.

static uint64_t joltage(char *s, int len, int target) {
	int i;

	for (; len > target; len--) {
		for (i=0; i<len-1 && s[i] >= s[i+1]; i++) ;
		memmove(s+i, s+i+1, len-i);
	}

	return strtoul(s, NULL, 10);
}

int main() {
	char buf[1024];
	uint64_t p1=0,p2=0;
	int len;

	while (fgets(buf, sizeof(buf), stdin)) {
		for (len=0; isdigit(buf[len]); len++) ;
		buf[len] = '\0';
		p2 += joltage(buf, len, 12);
		p1 += joltage(buf, 12, 2);
	}

	printf("03: %lu %lu\n", p1, p2);
}

Repo link

I’m still having to finish yesterday’s x86-16 assembly implementation, for which I had to write some support code to deal with large numbers as strings. That will come in useful today, too!

Python

This was the easier one for me out of the first 3 days. Cleaned up my solution before posting for better readability:

# get joltage of picked batteries
def get_joltage(batteries_picked: list[int]):
    bank_joltage = 0
    for batt in batteries_picked:
        bank_joltage = bank_joltage * 10 + batt
    return bank_joltage

# get maximum joltage of a bank
def get_bank_joltage(bank: str, pick_limit = 2) -> int:
    # pick first <pick_limit> batteries
    batteries_picked = [int(bank[i]) for i in range(pick_limit)]
    max_joltage = get_joltage(batteries_picked)

    # iterate over remaining batteries
    for i in range(pick_limit, len(bank)):
        batt = int(bank[i])        
        # we add batt for selection consideration
        batteries_picked.append(batt)
        # If all batteries are in descending order and batt is the lowest, 
        #   we will eventually discard batt
        to_discard = pick_limit

        # However if not, we discard the leftmost MSB battery which has lower joltage than its successor
        #   and shift all batteries left with batt added at the end.
        # This guarantees that we keep the maximum lexicographical order of picked batteries
        #   regardless of batt's value.
        for i in range(pick_limit):
            if batteries_picked[i] < batteries_picked[i+1]:
                to_discard = i
                break
        batteries_picked.pop(to_discard)

        # update max_joltage, it may have increased
        max_joltage = max(max_joltage, get_joltage(batteries_picked))

    return max_joltage

# part 1 asserts
assert get_bank_joltage("987654321111111", pick_limit=2) == 98
assert get_bank_joltage("811111111111119", pick_limit=2) == 89
assert get_bank_joltage("234234234234278", pick_limit=2) == 78
assert get_bank_joltage("818181911112111", pick_limit=2) == 92

# part 2 asserts
assert get_bank_joltage("987654321111111", pick_limit=12) == 987654321111
assert get_bank_joltage("811111111111119", pick_limit=12) == 811111111119
assert get_bank_joltage("234234234234278", pick_limit=12) == 434234234278
assert get_bank_joltage("818181911112111", pick_limit=12) == 888911112111

# get total joltage of a set of banks
def solve(data: str, pick_limit = 2):
    total_joltage = 0
    for bank in data.splitlines():
        total_joltage += get_bank_joltage(bank, pick_limit)
    return total_joltage

# asserts for sample data
sample = """987654321111111
811111111111119
234234234234278
818181911112111"""
assert solve(sample, pick_limit=2) == 357               # part 1
assert solve(sample, pick_limit=12) == 3121910778619    # part 2

Haskell

Yay, dynamic programming!

import Data.Map qualified as Map  

maxJolt :: Int -> [Char] -> Int  
maxJolt r xs = read $ maximize r 0  
  where  
    n = length xs  
    maximize =  
      (curry . (Map.!) . Map.fromList . (zip <*> map (uncurry go)))  
        [(k, o) | k <- [1 .. r], o <- [r - k .. n - k]]  
    go k o =  
      maximum $ do  
        (x, o') <- drop o $ zip xs [1 .. n - (k - 1)]  
        return . (x :) $ if k == 1 then [] else maximize (k - 1) o'  

main = do  
  input <- lines <$> readFile "input03"  
  mapM_ (print . sum . (`map` input) . maxJolt) [2, 12]  

Kotlin

First day this year where I am very happy with my solution. Just super simple, recursive string building.

class Day03 : Puzzle {

    val banks = mutableListOf<String>()

    override fun readFile() {
        val input = readInputFromFile("src/main/resources/a2025/day03.txt")
        banks.addAll(input.lines().filter(String::isNotBlank))
    }

    override fun solvePartOne(): String {
        val sum = banks.map { buildNumber(it, 2) }.sumOf { it.toLong() }
        return sum.toString()
    }

    override fun solvePartTwo(): String {
        val sum = banks.map { buildNumber(it, 12) }.sumOf { it.toLong() }
        return sum.toString()
    }

    private fun buildNumber(bank: String, remainingDigits: Int): String {
        if (remainingDigits <= 0) return ""
        val current = bank.dropLast(remainingDigits - 1)
        val max = current.max()
        return max + buildNumber(bank.split(max, limit = 2)[1], remainingDigits - 1)
    }
}

full code on Codeberg

Janet

• part1
• part2

Keep in mind, Codeberg might still be under a DDoS attack

c

#include "aoc.h"
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>

constexpr usize LINE_BUFSZ = (1 << 7);
constexpr u64 TEN = 10;
constexpr u64 TWELVE = 12;

static void
joltage(strc line, u64* total, usize on) {
  usize len = strlen(line);
  usize off = len - on;
  usize slen = 0;
  c8 stack[LINE_BUFSZ] = {};
  for (usize i = 0; i < len; i++) {
    while (slen > 0 && off > 0 && stack[slen - 1] < line[i]) {
      slen--;
      off--;
    }
    stack[slen++] = line[i];
  }
  u64 jltg = 0;
  for (usize i = 0; i < on; i++) {
    jltg = (jltg * TEN) + (u64)(stack[i] - '0');
  }
  *total += jltg;
}

static void
solve(u64 on) {
  FILE* input = fopen("input", "r");
  c8 line[LINE_BUFSZ] = {};
  u64 total = 0;
  while (fgets(line, sizeof(line), input)) {
    line[strcspn(line, "\n")] = 0;
    joltage(line, &total, on);
  }
  fclose(input);
  printf("%lu\n", total);
}

i32
main(void) {
  solve(2);
  solve(TWELVE);
}

Go

I usually write a little helper library to bootstrap the input reading process and sometimes even the downloading of the input file. So here it is:

package utils

import (
	"bufio"
	"os"
	"strings"
)

type Input interface {
	GetLineChannel() (chan string, error)
}

type FilePath string
type InputText string

func (path FilePath) GetLineChannel() (chan string, error) {
	file, err := os.Open(string(path))
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	scanner := bufio.NewScanner(file)

	ch := make(chan string, 1024)
	go (func() {
		defer file.Close()

		for scanner.Scan() {
			ch <- scanner.Text()
		}

		close(ch)
	})()

	return ch, nil
}

func (inputText InputText) GetLineChannel() (chan string, error) {
	lines := strings.Split(string(inputText), "\n")
	ch := make(chan string, len(lines))

	go (func() {
		for _, line := range lines {
			ch <- line
		}

		close(ch)
	})()

	return ch, nil
}

And here comes the solution to day 3:

package main

import (
	"aoc/utils"
	"errors"
	"fmt"
	"math"
)

const inputText = `987654321111111
811111111111119
234234234234278
818181911112111`

type bank []int

func (bk bank) largestNDigitJoltage(n int) int {
	digits := make([]int, n)
	count := 0
	idx := 0

	lenbk := len(bk)

	for range n {
		for i := idx; i < lenbk-(n-count-1); i++ {
			val := bk[i]
			if val > digits[count] {
				idx = i + 1
				digits[count] = val
			}
		}
		count++
	}

	sum := 0
	for index, val := range digits {
		sum += val * int(math.Pow10(n-index-1))
	}

	return sum
}

func readBank(line string) (bank, error) {
	runes := []rune(line)
	bk := make(bank, len(runes))
	for idx, c := range runes {
		switch c {
		case '0':
			bk[idx] = 0
		case '1':
			bk[idx] = 1
		case '2':
			bk[idx] = 2
		case '3':
			bk[idx] = 3
		case '4':
			bk[idx] = 4
		case '5':
			bk[idx] = 5
		case '6':
			bk[idx] = 6
		case '7':
			bk[idx] = 7
		case '8':
			bk[idx] = 8
		case '9':
			bk[idx] = 9
		default:
			msg := fmt.Sprintf("not a number: %c", c)
			return bank{}, errors.New(msg)
		}
	}
	return bk, nil
}

func getBankChannel(input chan string) chan bank {
	ch := make(chan bank, cap(input))

	go func() {
		for line := range input {
			bank, err := readBank(line)
			if err != nil {
				fmt.Errorf("error reading line %v: %v\n", line, err)
				close(ch)
				return
			}
			ch <- bank
		}
		close(ch)
	}()

	return ch
}

func stepOne(input chan string) (int, error) {
	ch := getBankChannel(input)
	sum := 0
	for bank := range ch {
		sum += bank.largestNDigitJoltage(2)
	}

	return sum, nil
}

func stepTwo(input chan string) (int, error) {
	ch := getBankChannel(input)
	sum := 0
	for bank := range ch {
		sum += bank.largestNDigitJoltage(12)
	}

	return sum, nil
}

func main() {
	// input2 := utils.InputText(inputText)
	input := utils.FilePath("day03.txt")

	ch, err := input.GetLineChannel()
	if err != nil {
		fmt.Errorf("step one error: %v\n", err)
		return
	}

	var one int
	one, err = stepOne(ch)
	if err != nil {
		fmt.Errorf("step one error: %v\n", err)
		return
	}
	fmt.Printf("Step one result: %v\n", one)

	// input2 := utils.InputText(inputText)
	input2 := utils.FilePath("day03.txt")

	ch, err = input2.GetLineChannel()
	if err != nil {
		fmt.Errorf("step two error: %v\n", err)
		return
	}

	var two int
	two, err = stepTwo(ch)
	if err != nil {
		fmt.Errorf("step two error: %v\n", err)
		return
	}
	fmt.Printf("Step two result: %v\n", two)
}

While I am quite an adaptable person and I learn to program quickly in about all the languages I’ve tried, I’m still at the beginning of my journey with Go. It does feel like the language is trying to resist me being clever at every corner. I understand the reasons, why not, but damn it does make the development a bit frustrating at times

import numpy as np

def parse_input(file_path):

  with file_path.open("r") as fp:
    banks = map(str.strip, fp.readlines())

  return map(lambda x: list(map(int, list(x))), banks)

def max_jolt(bank, length):

  if length==1:
    return max(bank)

  amax = np.argmax(bank[:-(length-1)])

  return 10**(length-1)*bank[amax] + max_jolt(bank[amax+1:], length-1)

def solve_problem(file_name, length):

  banks = parse_input(Path(cwd, file_name))
  sumj = 0

  for bank in banks:
    sumj += max_jolt(bank, length)

  return sumj

Nim

type
  AOCSolution[T,U] = tuple[part1: T, part2: U]

proc maxJoltage(bank: string, n: int): int =
  var index = 0
  for leftover in countDown(n-1, 0):
    var best = bank[index]
    for batteryInd in index+1 .. bank.high-leftover:
      let batt = bank[batteryInd]
      if batt > best: (best = batt; index = batteryInd)
      if best == '9': break # max for single battery
    result += (best.ord - '0'.ord) * 10^leftover
    inc index

proc solve(input: string): AOCSolution[int, int] =
  for line in input.splitLines:
    result.part1 += line.maxJoltage 2
    result.part2 += line.maxJoltage 12

Runtime: ~240 μs

Day 3 was very straightforward, although I did wrestle a bit with the indexing.
Honestly, I expected part 2 to require dynamic programming, but it turned out I only needed to tweak a few numbers in my part 1 code.

Full solution at Codeberg: solution.nim

Haskell

Usually, I get up for AoC, way earlier than I normally would. But today I had to get up at exactly AoC time. I ended up postponing the puzzles until now:

{-# OPTIONS_GHC -Wall #-}
import qualified Data.Text.IO as TextIO
import Control.Monad ((<$!>))
import qualified Data.Array.Unboxed as Array
import qualified Data.Text as Text
import qualified Data.Char as Char
import Data.Array.Unboxed (UArray)
import qualified Data.Foldable as Foldable
import Control.Arrow ((&&&))
import qualified Data.List as List

parse :: Text.Text -> UArray (Int, Int) Int
parse t = let
    banks = init $ Text.lines t
    bankSize = maybe 0 pred $ Text.findIndex (== '\n') t
    bankCount = Text.count "\n" t - 2
  in Array.listArray ((0, 0), (bankCount, bankSize)) $ List.concatMap (fmap Char.digitToInt . Text.unpack) banks

rowsOf :: UArray (Int, Int) Int -> Int
rowsOf = fst . snd . Array.bounds

colsOf :: UArray (Int, Int) Int -> Int
colsOf = snd . snd . Array.bounds

main :: IO ()
main = do
  batteryBanks <- parse <$!> TextIO.getContents
  print $ part1 batteryBanks
  print $ part2 batteryBanks

part1 :: UArray (Int, Int) Int -> Int
part1 batteryBanks = Foldable.sum $ pickBatteries 2 batteryBanks <$> [0.. rowsOf batteryBanks]

part2 :: UArray (Int, Int) Int -> Int
part2 banks = Foldable.sum $ pickBatteries 12 banks <$> [0.. rowsOf banks]

pickBatteries :: Int -> UArray (Int, Int) Int -> Int -> Int
pickBatteries batteryCount banks row = let
    width = colsOf banks
    getBattery col = banks Array.! (row, col)

    go acc 0 _      = acc
    go acc n offset = let
        effectiveEnd = width - pred n
        availableIndices = [offset .. effectiveEnd]
        batteryWithIndices = (id &&& getBattery) <$> availableIndices
        (offset', selectedBattery) = maximumOn snd batteryWithIndices
      in go (acc * 10 + selectedBattery) (pred n) (succ offset')
  in go 0 batteryCount 0

maximumOn :: (Foldable t, Ord b) => (a -> b) -> t a -> a
maximumOn f collection = case Foldable.toList collection of
  [] -> error "maximumOn: empty foldable"
  (x:xs) -> List.foldl selectMax x xs
  where
    selectMax a b = if f a < f b then b else a

Python

I had a hunch that part 2 would just be part one with more places and immediately factored that code into a separate method. Overall quite happy with the compact code.

from functools import partial
from pathlib import Path
from typing import List


def parse_input(input: str) -> List[List[int]]:
    return [list(map(int, l)) for l in input.splitlines()]


def find_highest(bank: List[int], n: int) -> int:
    if n == 1:
        return max(bank)
    rest = bank[bank[:-n+1].index(place := max(bank[:-n+1]))+1:]
    return int(f"{place}{find_highest(rest, n-1)}")


def part_one(input: str) -> int:
    bat_banks = parse_input(input)
    return sum(map(partial(find_highest, n = 2), bat_banks))


def part_two(input: str) -> int:
    bat_banks = parse_input(input)
    return sum(map(partial(find_highest, n = 12), bat_banks))


if __name__ == "__main__":
    input = Path("_2025/_3/input").read_text("utf-8")
    print(part_one(input))
    print(part_two(input))